The Young Majors went into hiding. With over 12 years of direct political experience in a terrain dominated by men, Senator Tinubu's tenure as first lady will be one of a kind. His sudden removal would dim the prospects for Nigerian stability. [citation needed] The Songhai Empire also occupied part of the region. [95], The new president took over a country that faced many problems, including a dysfunctional bureaucracy, collapsed infrastructure, and a military that wanted a reward for returning quietly to the barracks. [46] Urbanisation was accompanied by high levels of artistic achievement, particularly in terracotta and ivory sculpture and in the sophisticated metal casting produced at Ife. He later attempted to renege on this decision, but without popular and military support, he was forced to hand over to Ernest Shonekan, a prominent nonpartisan businessman. Ecological and political instability provided the background for the jihad of Usman dan Fodio. As a colony, it was initially divided into the Southern Nigeria Protectorate and Northern Nigeria Protectorate. There they constituted a devoutly religious, educated elite who made themselves indispensable to the Hausa kings as government advisers, Islamic judges, and teachers. - Offers a view of one of the main sources of income for the country. They crossed the river to Urupkam (Usukpam) west of the Cross River and founded two settlements: Ena Uda and Ena Ofia in present-day Erai. In the history of Nigeria, we can say Nigeria today can thus be traced back to pre-historic dwellers living as early as 1100BC, the various kingdoms and empires of the 17 th century. The FMG is neither very efficient nor dynamic, but the recent announcement that it intends to retain power for six more years has generated little opposition so far. For local elections, nine parties were granted provisional registration with three fulfilling the requirements to contest the following elections. [32], According to the Encyclopedia of African History, "It is estimated that by the 1890s the largest slave population of the world, about 2 million people, was concentrated in the territories of the Sokoto Caliphate. In the vote, widespread electoral fraud was alleged and riots erupted in the Yoruba West where heartlands of the AG discovered they had apparently elected pro-government NNDP representatives. However, the opposition had accusations of electoral fraud in polls. This is a figure that seems to be in the midst of a conversation. Articles from Britannica Encyclopedias for elementary and high school students. Other unions joined the strike, bringing economic life around Lagos and the southwest to a standstill. The NCNC represented the interests of the Igbo- and Christian-dominated people of the Eastern Region of Nigeria. Cotton grew readily in the great plains of these states, and they became the primary producers of cloth, weaving and dying it before sending it off in caravans to the other states within Hausaland and to extensive regions beyond. They arrived at Lagos and Benin in 1485 and the Merchants were welcomed. General Muhammadu Buhari was declared the winner of the 2015 presidential elections. [104] In May 2010, the Nigerian government learned of Yar'Adua's death after a long battle with existing health problems and an undisclosed illness. There's no documented date for exactly what day and month Nigeria got her name. In October 1963, Nigeria proclaimed itself the Federal Republic of Nigeria, and former Governor-General Nnamdi Azikiwe became the country's first President. [80] Some of the Young Majors were arrested and detained by the Ironsi government. Communal violence has plagued the Obasanjo government since its inception. The national capital is Abuja, in the Federal Capital Territory, which was created by decree in 1976. The Benin Empire (14401897; called Bini by locals) was a pre-colonial African state in what is now modern Nigeria. The government alleged in early 1995 that military officers and civilians were engaged in a coup plot. According to the Bayajidda legend, the Hausa states were founded by the sons of Bayajidda, a prince whose origin differs by tradition, but official canon records him as the person who married the last Kabara of Daura and heralded the end of the matriarchal monarchs that had erstwhile ruled the Hausa people. These parties were the People's Democratic Party (PDP), the All People's Party (APP), and the predominantly Yoruba Alliance for Democracy (AD). Shortly afterwards the AG opposition leader, Chief Obafemi Awolowo, was imprisoned to be without foundation. However, Nigerias most diverse feature is its people. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. As Nigeria works out representational democracy, conflicts persist between the Executive and Legislative branches over appropriations and other proposed legislation. This name was coined on 8 January 1897, by the British journalist Flora Shaw, who later married Frederick Lugard, a British colonial administrator. Notably, as First Speaker of the House, Jaja Wachuku received Nigeria's Instrument of Independence, also known as Freedom Charter, on 1 October 1960, from Princess Alexandra of Kent, the Queen's representative at the Nigerian independence ceremonies. It should not be confused with the modern-day country called Benin, formerly called Dahomey.[31]. In 1994 the government set up the Ogoni Civil Disturbances Special Tribunal to try Ogoni activist Ken Saro-Wiwa and others for their alleged roles in the killings of four Ogoni politicians. Excavations in Ugwuele, Afikpo and Nsukka show evidence of habitation as early as 6,000 BC. The PRC promulgated a new constitution based largely on the suspended 1979 constitution, before the 29 May 1999 inauguration of the new civilian president. The entire territory of the Royal Niger Company came into the hands of the British government. In 1885, British claims to a West African sphere of influence received international recognition; and in the following year, the Royal Niger Company was chartered under the leadership of Sir George Taubman Goldie. Nok artwork; 5th century BC 5th century AD; length: 50cm (19.6in. 15691600) during whose reign Kanem was reconquered. But the elections were marred by violence and allegations of widespread voter fraud included missing returns, polling places failing to open, and obvious rigging of results. Olutayo C. Adesina, "Teaching History in Twentieth-Century Nigeria: the Challenges of Change,", Queen Elizabeth II was monarch of Nigeria and head of state, overthrew the NPC-NNDP government and assassinated the prime minister and the premiers of the northern and western regions, massacre of thousands of Ibo in the north, "The Nri Kingdom (900AD - Present): Rule by theocracy", "Historic regions from 5th century BC to 20th century", "Historical Legacies | Religious Literacy Project", "The Transatlantic Slave Trade | Religious Literacy Project", "When I Remember Nigeria, I Remember Democracy! [108], The ruling All Progressives Congress (APC) candidate, Bola Tinubu, won the February 2023 presidential election to succeed Muhammadu Buhari as the next president of Nigeria. In the early 15th century, white men came to Nigeria to explore. [86] The ensuing Nigerian Civil War resulted in an estimated 3.5 million deaths (mostly from starving children) before the war ended with Gowon's famous "No victor, no vanquished" speech in 1970. It might suggest speech and that the figure has something to tell us. The Yoruba were organized in mostly patrilineal groups that occupied village communities and subsisted on agriculture. Gently undulating plains, which become waterlogged during the rainy season, are found in these areas. The monarch of Nigeria was still head of state but legislative power was vested in a bicameral parliament, executive power in a prime minister and cabinet, and judicial authority in a Federal Supreme Court. There are 400 deities called Orisha who perform various tasks. Nigeria is the seventh-most populous country in the world, home to more than 200 million people. [53], Archaeological evidence suggests that Nri hegemony in Igboland may go back as far as the 9th century,[54] and royal burials have been unearthed dating to at least the 10th century. Biram was the original seat of government, while Zaria supplied labor and was known as the "Chief of Slaves." Alternate titles: Federal Republic of Nigeria, Emeritus Lecturer in the Modern History of Africa, University of Oxford; Emeritus Fellow of St. Antony's College, Oxford. The royal stool of Olu of warri was founded by an Igala prince. [81] In the Northern Region, however, the Hausa and Fulani people demanded that the detainees be placed on trial for murder.[81]. "The period 1919-1935 was colonial imperialism's last territorial drive in Africa. The Sokoto Plains and the Borno Plains are located in the northwestern and northeastern corners of the country respectively. The military rivalries of the Hausa states strained the region's economic resources at a time when drought and famine undermined farmers and herders. The Jos Plateau rises almost in the centre of the country; it consists of extensive lava surfaces dotted with numerous extinct volcanoes. They can be found in Idah, Igalamela/Odolu, Ajaka, Ofu, Olamaboro, Dekina, Bassa, Ankpa, omala, Lokoja, Ibaji, Ajaokuta, Lokoja and kotonkarfe Local government all in Kogi state. [73] Western education and the development of a modern economy proceeded more rapidly in the south than in the north, with consequences felt in Nigeria's political life ever since. Despite its relative political weakness in this period, Borno's court and mosques under the patronage of a line of scholarly kings earned fame as centres of Islamic culture and learning. In the 1959 elections, the AG obtained 73 seats.[75]. Lagos was occupied by British forces in 1851 and formally annexed by Britain in the year 1865. On December 31, 1983, the military overthrew the Second Republic. The Ibadan School began to decline in importance in the 1970s. Numerous ancient African civilizations settled in the region that is known today as Nigeria, such as the Kingdom of Nri,[1] the Benin Empire,[2] and the Oyo Empire. In its prime, they also dominated the Kingdom of Dahomey (now located in the modern day Republic of Benin). The name Nigeria was taken from the Niger River running through the country. History. On 17 August 1994, the government dismissed the leadership of the NLC and the petroleum unions, placed the unions under appointed administrators, and arrested Frank Kokori and other labor leaders. This name was allegedly coined in the late 19th century by British journalist Flora Shaw, who later married Baron Frederick Lugard, a British colonial administrator. Following the annulment of the June 12 election, the United States and others imposed sanctions on Nigeria including travel restrictions on government officials and suspension of arms sales and military assistance. Chairs were thrown and one member grabbed the parliamentary Mace and wielded it like a weapon to attack the Speaker and other members. To them, being civilized meant being Christianized. The troops are poorly trained and disciplined and some of the officers are turning to conspiracies and plotting. The Iron Age Nok civilization of northern Nigeria dates back to about 1,500 BC, with evidence of settled life in the environs of Kaduna. The famous Kano Chronicle records the conversion of Kano's ruling dynasty by clerics from Mali, demonstrating that the imperial influence of Mali extended far to the east. Archaeological findings pieced together show that by the . In an attempt to alleviate such problems Abubakar's government implemented a civil service pay raise and other reforms. [44], Despite relatively constant growth, the Hausa states were vulnerable to aggression and, although the vast majority of its inhabitants were Muslim by the 16th century, they were attacked by Fulani jihadists from 1804 to 1808. [15][16][17] Shaw's excavations at Igbo-Ukwu revealed a 9th-century indigenous culture that created highly sophisticated work in bronze metalworking, independent of Arab or European influence and centuries before other sites that were better known at the time of discovery. According to the Bayajidda legend, the Banza Bakwai states were founded by the seven sons of Karbagari ("Town-seizer"), the unique son of Bayajidda and the slave-maid, Bagwariya. The Igala are an ethnic group of Nigeria. Borno reached its pinnacle under mai Idris Aloma (ca. In the 1980s Nigerian scholarship, in general, began to decline, and the Ibadan School was hugely affected. The government also moved to recover millions of dollars in funds secreted to overseas accounts. By tradition, the territory was conferred on the heir to the throne to govern during his apprenticeship. [42] The President moved quickly and retired hundreds of military officers holding political positions, established a blue-ribbon panel to investigate human rights violations, released scores of persons held without charge, and rescinded numerous questionable licenses and contracts left by the previous regimes. Translated in Arabic as nahr al-anhur "river of rivers." updated on June 13, 2019 Additionally, the Ironsi government was unable to produce a constitution acceptable to all sections of the country. [100], Two militants of an unknown faction shot and killed Ustaz Ja'afar Adam, a northern Muslim religious leader and Kano State official, along with one of his disciples in a mosque in Kano during dawn prayers on 13 April 2007. Nigerias major soil zones conform to geographic location. [83] The Ironsi government's efforts to abolish the federal structure and the renaming the country the Republic of Nigeria on 24 May 1966 raised tensions and led to another coup by largely northern officers in July 1966, which established the leadership of Major General Yakubu Gowon. The oldest fossil remains found by archaeologists in the southwestern area of Iwo Eleru, near Akure, have been dated to about 9000 bce. Much of Nigeria is covered with plains and savannas. Trade is the key to the emergence of organized communities in the sahelian portions of Nigeria. The Central Intelligence Agency commented in October 1966 in a CIA Intelligence Memorandum that:[85]. Nigeria as a nation has a rich and complex history which can be traced to when it first became a British protectorate in 1901. Hundreds of languages are spoken in the country, including Yoruba, Igbo, Fula, Hausa, Edo, Ibibio, Tiv, and English. Concurrently the Saifawa Dynasty of Borno conquered Kanem and extended control west to Hausa cities not under Songhai authority. Katsina and Daura were the "Chiefs of the Market," as their geographical location accorded them direct access to the caravans coming across the desert from the north. Later groups like the Igala traders from the hinterland settled in Onitsha in the 18th century. The history of Nigeria can be traced to the earliest inhabitants whose remains date from at least 13,000 BC through early civilizations such as the Nok culture which began around 1500 BC. The emergence of democracy in Nigeria in May 1999 ended 16 years of consecutive military rule. Soils in Nigeria, and in Africa generally, are usually of a poorer quality than those in other regions of the world. During his first days in office, President Babangida moved to restore freedom of the press and to release political detainees being held without charge. [20], The Dufuna canoe was discovered in 1987 not far from the Komadugu Gana River, in Yobe State. Nigerian History since early period till Colonial era January 2019 Authors: Tatiana Voloshina Belgorod State University Discover the world's research Content uploaded by Tatiana Voloshina Author. Pin the Capital on the Country: Fact or Fiction? Kanem expanded westward to include the area that became Borno. Following the Napoleonic Wars, the British expanded trade with the Nigerian interior. During the 15th century Oyo and Benin surpassed Ife as political and economic powers, although Ife preserved its status as a religious center. In early 1989 a constituent assembly completed a constitution and in the spring of 1989 political activity was again permitted. [78] Federal Government Prime Minister Balewa declared martial law in the Western Region and arrested Awolowo and other members of his faction charged them with treason. The economic collapse of the 1980s also greatly hurt the scholarly community, especially the sharp devaluation of the Nigerian currency. On 11 June 1994 Moshood Kashimawo Olawale Abiola declared himself president and went into hiding until his arrest on 23 June. Nok seated figure; 5th century BC 5th century AD; terracotta; 38cm (1ft. 3 in. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. General Yakubu Gowon, head of the Federal Military Government (FMG) is the accepted national leader and his popularity has grown since the end of the war. In 1914, the area was formally united as the Colony and Protectorate of Nigeria. The NEC successfully held elections on 5 December 1998, 9 January 1999, 20 February, and 27 February 1999, respectively. Rivers draining the area north of the Niger-Benue trough include the Sokoto, the Kaduna, the Gongola, and the rivers draining into Lake Chad. The source of the Aro Confederacy's economic dominance was based on the judicial oracle of Ibini Ukpabi ("Long Juju") and their military forces which included powerful allies such as Ohafia, Abam, Ezza, and other related neighboring states. Finidi George was the first Nigerian to play and score in the UCL semi-final as Ajax defeated Bayern Munich 5-2 at the Amsterdam Arena in the second leg to win 5-2 on aggregate in 1995. These included Islamic empires in northern Nigeria and smaller organized political groupings in southern Nigeria. Author of, Professor of Geography, University of Ibadan, Nigeria. In December 1991 state legislative elections were held and Babangida decreed that previously banned politicians could contest in primaries scheduled for August. Obasanjo, a former general, was admired for his stand against the Abacha dictatorship, his record of returning the federal government to civilian rule in 1979, and his claim to represent all Nigerians regardless of religion. On 15 January 1966, a group of army officers (the Young Majors) mostly south-eastern Igbos, overthrew the NPC-NNDP government and assassinated the prime minister and the premiers of the northern and western regions. Pending the promulgation of the constitution written in 1995, the government observed some provisions of the 1979 and 1989 constitutions. Following World War II, in response to the growth of Nigerian nationalism and demands for independence, successive constitutions legislated by the British government moved Nigeria toward self-government on a representative and increasingly federal basis. In response, petroleum workers called a strike demanding that Abacha release Abiola and hand over power to him. Nigeria has a diverse geography, with climates ranging from arid to humid equatorial. Borno regained some of its former might in the succeeding decades, but another drought occurred in the 1790s, again weakening the state. [8] From the 15th century, European slave traders arrived in the region to purchase enslaved Africans as part of the Atlantic slave trade, which started in the region of modern-day Nigeria; the first Nigerian port used by European slave traders was Badagry, a coastal harbour. There is a huge gap between the archaeological finds of Igbo Ukwu, which reveal a rich material culture in the heart of the Igbo region in the 8th century, and the oral traditions of the 20th century. Language links are at the top of the page across from the title. The Yoruba are especially known for the Oyo Empire that dominated the region. This continued until the BBC aired an interview that was allegedly done via telephone from the president's sick bed in Saudi Arabia. [88], The U.S. analysts said that "Nigeria is still very much a tribal society" where local and tribal alliances count more than "national attachment. The election was marred by electoral fraud, and denounced by other candidates and international observers.[102][103]. The early independent kingdoms and states that make up present-day state of Nigeria are (in alphabetical order): Benin Kingdom, Borgu Kingdom, Fulani Empire, Hausa Kingdoms, Kanem Bornu Empire, Kwararafa Kingdom, Ibibio Kingdom, Nri Kingdom, Nupe Kingdom, Oyo Empire, Songhai Empire, Warri Kingdom, Ile Ife Kingdom, and Yagba East Kingdom. The civil war that disrupted Kanem in the second half of the 14th century resulted in the independence of Borno. Administratively, Nigeria remained divided into the Northern and Southern Provinces and Lagos Colony. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. All of the Nok statues are very stylized and similar in that they have arched eyebrows with triangular eyes and perforated pupils. Nigeria, country located on the western coast of Africa. 4 January 2016. [109], Nigeria's Democracy day was originally celebrated on May 29, every year since General Olusegun Obasanjo emerged President in 1999. More than 100 were killed in riots before Babangida agreed to hand power to an interim government on 27 August 1993. However, the bloody nature of the Young Majors coup caused another coup to be carried out by General Johnson Aguiyi-Ironsi. Nigeria - the Origin, Meaning and Principality. ), width: 50cm (19.6in. The major cause of Borno's decline was a severe drought that struck the Sahel and savanna from in the middle of the 18th century. Archaeological findings in Ile-Ife prove to feature a high level of artistic skills in the 12th-14th century era. [90] All of this meant that by 1979, Nigeria was the sixth largest producer of oil in the world with revenues from oil of $24 billion per year. The Nigerian Army, vastly expanded during the war, is both the main support to the FMG and the chief threat to it. Upon independence, it was widely expected that Ahmadu Bello the Sardauna of Sokoto, the undisputed strong man in Nigeria[76] who controlled the North, would become Prime Minister of the new Federation Government. Many top minds were co-opted with plum jobs in the administration and left academia. Quiz, Central Intelligence Agency - The World Factbook - Nigeria, Official Site of the Embassy of Nigeria in Seoul, South Korea, Official Site of the Embassy of Nigeria in Germany, Official Site of the Embassy of Nigeria in Vienna, National Geographic Kids - Countries - Nigeria, Official Site of the Embassy of Nigeria in Stockholm, Sweden, Nigeria - Children's Encyclopedia (Ages 8-11), Nigeria - Student Encyclopedia (Ages 11 and up), Nigerian airport workers go on strike; travelers stranded, At least 33 people killed by gunmen in northwest Nigeria, AP PHOTOS: Joyous Holy Week celebrations around the world, At least 10 students abducted by gunmen in northwest Nigeria, Correction: Police-Shooting-Michigan-Race story. [65] Akwa Akpa (named Calabar by the Spanish) became a center of the Atlantic slave trade, where African slaves were sold in exchange for European manufactured goods. Jack McCaslin is a . [25][26] Iron smelting furnaces at Taruga, a Nok site, date from around 600 BC. Almost immediately, the revenues from oil began to make Nigeria a wealthy nation. Other eroded surfaces, such as the Udi-Nsukka escarpment (see Udi-Nsukka Plateau), rise abruptly above the plains at elevations of at least 1,000 feet (300 metres). History The Igbo people are derived from Eri, a heavenly person who was sent from heaven to start civilization, according to Igbo tradition. In August 1998 Abubakar appointed the Independent National Electoral Commission (INEC) to conduct elections for local government councils, state legislatures and governors, the national assembly, and president. The mouth of this head is slightly open. Igbo gods, like those of the Yoruba, were numerous, but their relationship to one another and human beings was essentially egalitarian, reflecting Igbo society as a whole. The public response convinced Babangida of intense opposition to an economic recession. Although these western empires had little political influence on the Nigerian savanna before 1500 they had a strong cultural and economic impact that became more pronounced in the 16th century, especially because these states became associated with the spread of Islam and trade. John A. Ayoade, and Adeoye A. Akinsanya, eds. [89], In 1982 the ruling National Party of Nigeria, a conservative alliance led by Shegu Shagari, had hoped to retain power through patronage and control over the Federal Election Commission. After a secret tribunal, most of the accused were convicted and several death sentences were handed down. [77] Fighting between the members broke out. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. [75] The federal government Prime Minister, Balewa agreed with the Akintola faction and sought to have the AG join the government. [3] Islam reached Nigeria through the Bornu Empire between (1068 AD) and Hausa States around (1385 AD) during the 11th century,[4][5][6][7] while Christianity came to Nigeria in the 15th century through Augustinian and Capuchin monks from Portugal. [61] The rules regarding these taboos were used to educate and govern Nri's subjects. The name Nigeria formulated by a British journalist Flora Shaw who later got married to Lord Frederick Lugard, the mastermind behind the creation of our beloved nation. The former military head of state Olusegun Obasanjo, freed from prison by Abubakar, ran as a civilian candidate and won the presidential election. These included human (such as the birth of twins),[59] animal (such as killing or eating of pythons),[60] object, temporal, behavioral, speech and place taboos. [84] The name Federal Republic of Nigeria was restored on 31 August 1966. [96], Most civil society leaders and Nigerians witnessed marked improvements in human rights and freedom of the press under Obasanjo. In October 1989 the government established two parties, the National Republican Convention (NRC) and the Social Democratic Party (SDP); other parties were not allowed to register. [82] Decree No. Obasanjo was reelected in 2003. Though those efforts have been hard to come by, as many violent ethnic and religious clashes occurred in the late 1990s and early 2000s, Nigeria has continued to face governmental, ethnic, religious, health related, educational, economic, and other issues ("Nigeria"). [41] The Akintola faction argued that the Yoruba peoples were losing their pre-eminent position in business in Nigeria to people of the Igbo tribe because the Igbo-dominated NCNC was part of the governing coalition and the AG was not. [56] At least one historian puts fikunim's reign much later, around 1225.[57]. Sonni Ali seized Timbuktu in 1468 and Djenn in 1473, building his regime on trade revenues and the cooperation of Muslim merchants. "Africa's most populous country (population estimated at 48 million) is in the throes of a highly complex internal crisis rooted in its artificial origin as a British dependency containing over 250 diverse and often antagonistic tribal groups. Obasanjo had recently stated on national radio that he would "deal firmly" with election fraud and violence advocated by "highly placed individuals." These were cancelled due to fraud and subsequent primaries scheduled for September also were cancelled. The Federal government was given exclusive powers in defence, foreign relations, and commercial and fiscal policy. According to one of the various myths about him, he founded Ife and dispatched his sons and daughters to establish similar kingdoms in other parts of what is today known as Yorubaland. The major drainage areas in Nigeria are the Niger-Benue basin, the Lake Chad basin, and the Gulf of Guinea basin. We think Gowon will have great difficulty in staying in office through the period which he said is necessary before the turnover of power to civilians. Political parties, however, tended to reflect the makeup of the three main ethnic groups. Fact or Fiction other proposed legislation Nigerians witnessed marked improvements in human rights freedom... On 5 December 1998, 9 January 1999, respectively also moved to millions! Nature of the Young Majors coup caused another coup to be carried out by general Johnson Aguiyi-Ironsi,... His apprenticeship plum jobs in the 1790s, again weakening the state when it became. Areas in Nigeria are the Niger-Benue basin, and Adeoye A. Akinsanya eds. The appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions ranging from arid to humid equatorial have AG. 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In primaries scheduled for September also were cancelled due to fraud and primaries... [ 96 ], most of the press under Obasanjo or Fiction in Africa generally, are of. [ 31 ] most of the region Britannica Encyclopedias for elementary and high School students in 1980s... Oyo Empire that dominated the region of organized communities in the 1970s the western of. Style manual or other sources if you have any questions was again permitted declared the winner the! The Niger-Benue basin, and in Africa generally, are usually of a poorer quality than those in regions. Lagos and the Merchants were welcomed and Benin surpassed Ife as political and powers... Was formally united as the Colony and Protectorate of Nigeria the Royal stool of Olu of warri was founded an!
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