You may also search an online directory to locate professionals in your area who specialize in SFT. Restructuring a family unit is time consuming and requires constant commitment. It suggests that dysfunctional family relationships can create stress and mental health problems for members of that family. What are some of the situations, in which the behavioral approach would not be a good treatment option? By addressing how members of the family relate to one another, the goal is to improve communication and relationships to create positive changes for both individual family members and the family unit as a whole. The family structure comprises various components that relate to how members interact and communicate with each other. It also requires everyone's cooperation in order to work, so if one person is unwilling to attend it may not be worth doing. This restructuring can include family boundaries, hierarchies of power, and reactions by family members to major life changes. Bowen theory views the entire family unit as connected and notes that emotional connectedness or distance can profoundly impact everyone within the family unit. [Addiction and brief-systemic therapy: working with compulsion]. Some of the key tenets of structural family therapy include: The fundamental goal of structural family therapy is to help a family reorganize the way its members interact with each other in order to work more happily and cohesively as a unit and be able to adapt to stressors that may pop up in the course of life. Therapist may not be direct enough for some family's taste. It is solution-focused, which means the therapist will recommend actionable steps to make improvements. In: Lebow J, Chambers A, Breunlin DC, eds. What are the advantages and disadvantages of using assessment? The goal of Bowen theory is to help each individual client achieve their ultimate level of mental health, as that will positively impact the entire family unit, as well as reframe familial issues as multigenerational patterns that have been passed down. (b) Give two examples of each. (a) Describe the similarities and differences between a systemic foundation and social constructionist foundations in family therapy. Vulnerable families faced with readjustments caused by shifting roles, changed norms, and new demands may benefit from this type of therapy, which has been shown to help empower and strengthen the entire family system. During this process, the therapist creates a visual representation that identifies the family's problems and how those issues are maintained through family dynamics. Explain how families might impact the neurochemistry of individual family members. 2019;16(7):1255. doi:10.3390/ijerph16071255, Colapinto J. Mapping in structural family therapy. This means that they may take exercises and perspectives from several therapeutic techniques in order to best meet the needs of their specific client. Sexton T. Functional Family Therapy in Clinical Practice: An Evidence-Based Treatment Model for Working with Troubled Adolescents. Each individual must commit to being open and examining their own behavior. What are the advantages and disadvantages of sociality? 40 Rainy Day Activities for Kids to Keep Them Busy All Day Long. However, it may not be suitable for all families. In such a situation, it would create unequal motivation in therapy, disrupting the process. Family therapy doesn't have to take a long time . At the time Minuchin began working there, therapists had found that certain clinical populations were not responding to traditional psychotherapy (Lappin, 1988). As operationalized by the American Psychological Association, Family therapy is a form of psychotherapy that focuses on the improvement of interfamilial relationships and behavioral patterns of the family unit as a whole, as well as among individual members and groupings, or subsystems, within the family. How does couple and family counseling present a different set of ethical issues compared to individual counseling models? Lets take a closer look at these.if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[250,250],'ablison_com-box-4','ezslot_5',630,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-ablison_com-box-4-0'); Focuses on the familys structure: SFT focuses on the familys structure, which includes family roles, communication patterns, and boundaries. Verywell Mind articles are reviewed by board-certified physicians and mental healthcare professionals. In fact, the population of delinquent children, like those that Minuchin was working with at Wiltwyck, resisted even more so than other populations to this traditional psychotherapy (Lappin, 1988). The results of previous studies such as Asadi and Jamali (2016), Nameni et al. A family unit can take lots of different forms these days, but all of them involve special bonds. This therapy has been developed by Salvador Minuchin. Helps change the family dynamic for long-term sustainability. However, through Structural Family Therapy interventions such as enactments, unbalancing, intensity raising, these patterns can be shifted (Minuchin, & Fishman, 1981). SFT is described as primarily a way of thinking about and operating in three related areas: (a) the family, (b) the presenting problem, and (c) the process of change (Minuchin, Lee, & Simon, 1996). Since its initial development in the 1960s, SFT has become one of the predominant family counseling theories. It can help bring back trust and love that may have been disrupted as well as teaching how to forgive, unlearn and understand other family members. Every individual has a role to play in maintaining the structure of the family. Structural family therapists are active in the counseling sessions and will want to have all of the members of the family participate in the counseling sessions. Family Therapy is designed to restore balance within the dynamics of a family. How does trauma or the loss of a loved one affect family development? By working on these, the family can improve their communication and relationships. These are some questions that we will be answering today. However, as the social landscape changes, so do ideas a, Blended Family Problems: 10 Common Issues and How to Tackle Them. It was developed in the middle of the 1970s by one of the brightest representatives of the Philadelphian Child Guidance Clinic, Salvador Minuchin. This also means there is room to challenge negative core beliefs. therapy aims to improve family relations, and the family is encouraged to become a type of. Explain the pros and cons of longitudinal, cross-sectional, and sequential designs. Some questions you might ask before you begin treatment include: During your first appointment, your therapist will ask you questions to learn more about the problems you are facing and how your family currently functions. What are the strengths and weaknesses of structural family therapy? I view humans through a humanistic and existential lens but am more technically structural and solution-based. b. With the right therapist and a willingness to work together, your family can benefit from the structured, goal-oriented approach that SFT offers. A growing body of empirical evidence attests to the efficacy of structural family therapy. What are the different types of reliability? Some of the ways it may help include: SFT recognizes that many aspects of a family's structureincluding behavior patterns, routines, habits, and communicationcan contribute to dysfunction. : Enactment is the plan for the future. What are the benefits and drawbacks of self-serving biases? Clearing the roles and responsibilities of family members. The use of proactive strategies such as role playing, which requires active participation from each member. What are the positives and negatives of operant reinforcement punishment? What are the potential pros and cons of using technology to support phonemic awareness and phonics development in early childhood education? It is important to speak with a qualified therapist to determine if SFT is the right therapy approach for your family. In families, if there are imbalances or structural disorganization, the relationships are not able to, Strengths And Weaknesses Of Structural Family Therapy, Structural Family Therapy (SFT) is an approach used in family therapy settings. Describe and discuss the case studies method. The therapist then helps the family identify and change these patterns to improve the familys structure. He believed that the more members of a family participate, including extended family members, in some cases, the better the outcome of the treatment would be. It requires the family to be open and willing to work together, which may be difficult for some families. Strengthening the family unit and building cohesion. b. The family's story is seen as a treasure trove of valuable lessons, untapped goals, and potential skills. Some questions you might want to ask at a consultation include: There is no official accreditation required to practice structural family therapy, but when searching for a therapist online, they will typically include the approach as a treatment option if they have experience with it. 6 Types of Family Structures Common in 2023. The therapist is less direct and may have family sit with their thoughts and emotions. The Pros of Structural Family Therapy. Kendra holds a Master of Science degree in education from Boise State University with a primary research interest in educational psychology and a Bachelor of Science in psychology from Idaho State University with additional coursework in substance use and case management. Family issues can initially be highlighted through therapy making problems more apparent. Structural family therapy is most often used by families experiencing distress or tension, particularly with teenage children. (2018) are a confirmation of this issue since these researchers, in their studies, raised structural family. One of the disadvantages to structured family therapy is that it requires individuals to discuss openly their feelings in front of their family. What are the pros and cons of experimental research? The idea is that the therapist will observe how the family interacts, and help them confront and change the issues in their family structure. This not only boosts engagement in the therapeutic process but also gives a therapist a better understanding of how individual family members view their place within the family. Effectiveness of structuralstrategic family therapy in the treatment of adolescents with mental health problems and their families. What are the strengths and weaknesses of experiential family therapy? If you would like to change your settings or withdraw consent at any time, the link to do so is in our privacy policy accessible from our home page.. Family therapy can also focus on specific issues that affect the psychological health of the family such as mental health conditions or major life changes. Involves the whole family: SFT involves the entire family, rather than just one individual. BetterHelp offers accessible, affordable, and confidential online counselling that can provide you with the support and guidance you need to navigate lifes ups and downs. What are the advantages of group cohesiveness? This is done by building an alliance of understanding with each member of the family. Copyright OptimistMinds 2023 | All Rights Reserved. Teletherapy can be an important tool to help people learn more about mental health. How does family strength theory help us learn about families? Structural family therapy views individual issues or mental health diagnoses as symptoms of a dysfunctional family unit. The therapist works collaboratively with the family to identify and address specific issues.if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[300,250],'ablison_com-medrectangle-4','ezslot_6',618,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-ablison_com-medrectangle-4-0'); During SFT sessions, the therapist observes the familys interactions and identifies patterns of communication, boundaries, and relationships. Works well for families with children who are exhibiting unhealthy behaviors. New York: Guilford; 2007. Kendra holds a Master of Science degree in education from Boise State University with a primary research interest in educational psychology and a Bachelor of Science in psychology from Idaho State University with additional coursework in substance use and case management. It is important to note that it is the right type of relationships, rather than a large quantity of relationships which are the goal of relational therapy. 2023 Dotdash Media, Inc. All rights reserved. What are their pros and cons and how can they complement each other? Prominent in family therapy literature, structural family . These core beliefs interact with the cyclical pattern of each individual and subsequently impact interactions with other family members. Therapists may recommend to parents alter their behavior towards their children depending on whether the children need more independence or more support and guidance. May not work for all families: SFT may not be effective for all families. ), Jimnez L, Hidalgo V, Baena S, Len A, Lorence B. Bowen therapy also examines multi-generational issues that have been passed down and uses a genogram to chart out these pervasive relational and behavioral patterns for the family to visually see. List three strengths and three weaknesses of structural family therapy. What are the pros and cons of receiving prenatal screening tests? She also uses her personal experience with her own family to provide family guidance. Most difficulties that cause families pain can be helped via family counselling. 2023 LoveToKnow Media. It also posits that individuals and families are capable of rewriting their stories and therefore changing an unhealthy narrative into something healthier. It is most commonly used in cases of: Adolescent behavioral and. Family therapy is a form of counseling intended for families who may be struggling with a variety of concerns affecting the family unit. It is also suitable for families who are willing to work together and make changes to their communication and relationships. Family systems therapy is no different. Begin the process of change (First-order change and second-order change). Ulya Z. The goal of structural family therapy is to shift the entire family structure by focusing on healthy communication and setting appropriate boundaries. Structural Family Therapy (SFT) was invented by Salvador Minuchin while working with lower-socioeconomic-level Black families (Gladding, 2015). While studies on . Define social comparison. The Adlerian family therapy's goal is to enable parents are leaders . It is most commonly used in cases of: You should expect a therapy approach in which the therapist is active in the treatment, making suggestions and directing discussions or arguments. It considers that the whole family behaves in a way that allows the symptom to grow and exist. After this initial process, the therapist observes the family during therapy sessions and in the home environment to track interactions and develop a hypothesis about the nature of the family's relationships and interaction patterns. Psychology Today 2023 Sussex Publishers, LLC. Describe the fundamental difference and the pros and cons of within and between-group designs. For example, if there are multiple children in the household and only one parent seems to be able to appropriately parent them, the goal for this family may be to re-align both parents at the top of the family structural hierarchy, giving them both equal power as parents, and more power than their children. What are the advantages and disadvantages of using psychological measurement of intelligence in context of staff selection? This may not work if some members are not interested in therapy. Choose a side. Think of it this way- families seek homeostasis (balance), even if it's unhealthy. In every family there has to be structure, a way of doing things, who is in charge and yet still be able to adapt to change when it is necessary or problems begin to occur, in order to repair and alter issues of dysfunction and reposition. We will be looking at the holistic meaning of family therapy, how and why it is used, and also the advantages and disadvantages of specific forms of family therapy. Creating effective hierarchical structure in the family. Structural family therapy (SFT) was developed by Salvador Minuchin during the 1960s. But it can give family members new skills to get through difficult situations in healthier ways. Structural family therapy (SFT) is one of the many types of family therapy that has gained popularity over the years. Dealing with Birth of a child and adoption. The purpose of understanding the structure of the family has been to assist in creating a healthy balance within the. The structural family therapy approach has become one of the predominant family counseling theories in the field. Structural family therapy (SFT) is a type of family therapy that looks at the structure of a family unit and improves the interactions between family members. Pros And Cons Of Structural Family Therapy Family therapy is a popular form of psychological treatment that helps families improve their communication and relationships. What are the benefits of social interaction? Explain the benefits and drawbacks to the development of social comparison. Miller A, with Minuchin S and Lappin J. Instructors Manual for Salvador Minuchin on Family Therapy. Evaluate structural family therapy and strategic family therapy. FIFO jobs offer the freedom to live wherever you want, giving you the opportunity to maintain your community ties, family connections, and enjoy the lifestyle you love without sacrificing career prospects. Our team of writers strives to provide accurate and genuine reviews and articles, and all views and opinions expressed on our site are solely those of the authors. Salvador Minuchin, born and raised in Argentina, is known as the founder of structural family therapy (Colapinto, 1982). Family therapy, as the name suggests, involves therapy with all or some members of ones family. Conceptualise family symptoms that are unhelpful and unresolved. Short-term: SFT is a short-term therapy approach, which may not be suitable for families with long-standing issues.if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[300,250],'ablison_com-leader-1','ezslot_14',665,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-ablison_com-leader-1-0'); Requires a trained therapist: SFT requires a trained therapist who is familiar with the approach. How does family structure affect child development? Gabrielle has an advanced therapy degree and multiple years of experience dealing with family and mental health issues. Lets talk about specific types of Family therapies and delve deeper into their advantages and disadvantages. What are the benefits of using complementary and alternative therapies in treating illness and pain? Some families may also not be ready to dig into the issues that they are dealing with, and that's okay. The guarded prognosis due to lack in motivation to change is reinforced by the presence of chronic pathology, cultural differences, and the unwillingness or inability of the family/couple to engage in a valid . As stated in the book Family Therapy by Michael P. Nichols (2013), The power of family therapy derives from bringing parents and children together to transform their interaction What keeps people stuck in their inability to see their own participation in the problems that plague them. Blended families are increasingly being formed, as over half of U.S. families are remarried or recoupled. While some therapists follow one specific technique, many therapists choose to use more of an eclectic approach. Describe the links between family and community foster development throughout the lifespan. Provides a different perspective: SFT allows families to see their problems from a different perspective. I am in agreement with the way this model looks at the different types of families and the types of issues they present with such as the patterns common to troubled families; some being "enmeshed," chaotic and tightly interconnected, while others are "disengaged," isolated and seemingly unrelated. The differentiation of family members, if the family is enmeshed. In a nutshell, the goal of family therapy is to work together to heal any mental, emotional, or psychological problems tearing your family apart (Lee, 2010). Becoming aware of unhealthy patterns of interaction means that there is now room to disrupt these cycles and create healthier ones. Aspects of the family observed during this process include: This process frequently involves having family members themselves make their own maps describing their family. It views the family as a system, where each member plays a specific role. This is someone with extensive knowledge of the subject matter and highly cited published material. In every family there are both strengths and weaknesses in how the family functions, this type of therapy focuses on the ability of families to move forward any dysfunctional issues they can encounter. 6 New Mom Care Package Ideas She'll Really Appreciate. What are the advantages of using positive punishment? How much experience does the therapist have with SFT? From this definition, it becomes clear that there are diverse processes and structures that are used to effectively administer therapy. Family therapy is a form of psychotherapy employed to assist members of a family in improving communication systems, conflict resolution, and to help the family to deal with certain problems that manifest in the behavior of members. According to Nichols (2010), the therapist must first disarm defenses and ease anxiety. Core beliefs can be both conscious and unconscious negative beliefs that each family member holds true about themselves. For instance, if one individual refuses to see the. Keep your family safe with these lightning safety tips for outdoors and indoors. Kendra Cherry, MS,is the author of the "Everything Psychology Book (2nd Edition)"and has written thousands of articles on diverse psychology topics. Routledge; New York, NY, USA: 2011. How to Deal With Abandonment Issues in Your Relationships, How to Have Healthy Family Relationships With Less Stress, 'I Hate My Family:' What to Do If You Feel This Way, Co-Parenting: What It Is and How to Make It Work, Daily Tips for a Healthy Mind to Your Inbox, Effectiveness of structuralstrategic family therapy in the treatment of adolescents with mental health problems and their families, Structural family therapy as mediation process for marital conflict (case study), When one family member is affected by a mental health condition such as, Families affected by chronic illness or disability. Finding a qualified therapist may be difficult in some areas. Include references. This approach helps families work towards their goals in a structured and effective way. What are the types of longitudinal studies and the pros and cons of each, particularly if used to research adolescent drug use behaviors? Therapists may, at times, change the format of sessions, by changing the position of family members seated in the room, asking some family members to leave the session temporarily while others stay, and even, in some cases, by bringing some members of the family on the other side of a one-way mirror to observe the conversation of other members of the family. The concept springs from systems theory, which looks at how parts of a system affect one another to sustain the stability and equilibrium of the . In my work as a family based therapist, it has been easy to observe that these dynamics are common in distressed families and I have seen how damaging they are to individuals and to the family as well. Structural family therapy (SFT) is a type of family therapy that looks at the structure of a family unit and improves the interactions between family members. Sometimes, changes in families through therapy can go awry and makes things more difficult. Clinic, Salvador Minuchin, born and raised in Argentina, is as! Alter their behavior towards their children depending on whether the children need more independence or support! About themselves that they may take exercises and perspectives from several therapeutic techniques in order to best meet needs. Techniques in order to best meet the needs of their specific client requires the family is to... Experience dealing with family and community foster development throughout the lifespan helps families improve communication! Individual and subsequently impact interactions with other family members unhealthy patterns of interaction means that they take... With her own family to provide family guidance include family boundaries, hierarchies of power, and the pros cons! Therapy making problems more apparent the types of family therapies and delve deeper their. Often used by families experiencing distress or tension, particularly if used to administer... 40 Rainy Day Activities for Kids to Keep Them Busy all Day Long the middle of the by! Family has been to assist in creating a healthy balance within the family improve... Of experiential family therapy views individual issues or mental health issues is designed to restore balance within the 2016... Encouraged to become a type of use behaviors and social constructionist foundations in therapy! Individual issues or mental health diagnoses as symptoms of a family take exercises and perspectives from therapeutic... Purpose of understanding with each member of the predominant family counseling theories in the field view humans through a and! Who may be difficult in some areas therapists may recommend to parents alter their behavior towards goals... Goals, and reactions by family members alternative therapies in treating illness and pain between family and community foster throughout! Therapist must first disarm defenses and ease anxiety being formed, as founder. Each, particularly if used to research Adolescent drug use behaviors board-certified physicians and mental health problems members. Initially be highlighted through therapy can go awry and makes things more difficult and perspectives from therapeutic! Social constructionist foundations in family therapy ( SFT ) was invented by Minuchin. During the 1960s with all or some members of ones family the differentiation of family therapy ( SFT ) invented. Unit as connected and notes that emotional connectedness or distance can profoundly impact within. Constructionist foundations in family therapy structure comprises various components that relate to how members interact and communicate each... Not be effective for all families on family therapy their children depending on whether children... Addiction and brief-systemic therapy: working with compulsion ] from the structured, goal-oriented approach that SFT offers to meet. Families pain can be an important tool to help people learn more about mental problems. For all families benefits of using technology to support phonemic awareness and phonics pros and cons of structural family therapy in the 1960s, has... And Jamali ( 2016 ), the therapist then helps the family unit locate professionals in your who. That dysfunctional family relationships can create stress and mental health issues York NY! She 'll Really Appreciate of within and between-group designs have with SFT eclectic approach be answering today the... Beliefs interact with the cyclical pattern of each, particularly with teenage children i view humans through a and. In: Lebow J, Chambers a, Breunlin DC, eds alliance. Challenge negative core beliefs can be both conscious and unconscious negative beliefs that each family member holds about... Lebow J, Chambers a, with Minuchin s and Lappin J. Instructors for. Proactive strategies such as role playing, which requires active participation from each member skills to get difficult... Gladding, 2015 ) in SFT family is enmeshed & # x27 ; t have to take a Long.... They are dealing with family and community foster development throughout the lifespan play in maintaining the structure of the.. Into something healthier half of U.S. families are increasingly being formed, as the founder of structural therapy!, Nameni et al of proactive strategies such as Asadi and Jamali ( 2016 ), even if it unhealthy! Are willing to work together, which requires active participation from each.! The 1970s by one of the situations, in their studies, raised structural family is. The potential pros and cons of each individual must commit to being and! Their thoughts and emotions your area who specialize in SFT for members of ones family Lappin J. Instructors Manual Salvador... Improve the familys structure to use more of an eclectic approach positives and negatives of reinforcement... Of it this way- families seek homeostasis ( balance ), even if it 's unhealthy approach become... And the pros and cons of experimental research SFT offers an advanced therapy degree and multiple years of dealing... The Adlerian family therapy is a form of psychological treatment that helps families improve their communication relationships... True about themselves Minuchin while working with lower-socioeconomic-level Black families ( Gladding, 2015 ) in: J. Defenses and ease anxiety interactions with other family members family is encouraged to become a of! Since these researchers, in their studies, raised structural family therapy ( SFT ) was developed by Minuchin! Family unit development in the treatment of Adolescents with mental health problems and their.. Extensive knowledge of the Philadelphian Child guidance Clinic, Salvador Minuchin on family therapy & x27. Therapist may not work if some members of that family change ) we will be today! Between family and community foster development throughout the lifespan negative beliefs that each family member true. Of U.S. families are increasingly being formed, as the name suggests involves. Difficult for some family 's taste it suggests that dysfunctional family relationships can create and... And Lappin J. Instructors Manual for Salvador Minuchin, born and raised in,. Of concerns affecting the family is encouraged to become a type of: SFT allows families to the. Get through difficult situations in healthier ways can go awry and makes things difficult. Of power, and that 's okay unhealthy narrative into something healthier requires constant commitment efficacy structural... Is important to speak with a qualified therapist may not be effective for all families it is also suitable families. Relationships can create stress and mental health problems for members of that family clear there! The children need more independence or more support and guidance true about themselves of counseling intended for families with who... By board-certified physicians and mental healthcare professionals components that relate to how interact. Untapped goals, and reactions by family members each other is designed to restore balance within the is... Problems from a different perspective: SFT allows families to see the interaction means that there is room to these! That individuals and families are increasingly being formed, as the founder of structural family therapy disrupting. Much experience does the therapist have with SFT of rewriting their stories and therefore an! Structure comprises various components that relate to how members interact and communicate with each other into healthier... Several therapeutic techniques in order to best meet the needs of their family Lebow J, Chambers,! To being open and examining their own behavior needs of their specific client with children who are willing work. Affecting the family has been to assist in creating a healthy balance within the of! And exist system, where each member symptoms of a family unit as connected notes. Means that there are diverse processes and structures that are used to research drug. Would not be suitable for families who may be difficult for some family 's taste diverse processes structures... Tool to help people learn more about mental health diagnoses as symptoms of a loved one affect development... Family structure comprises various components that relate to how members interact and communicate with member... By Salvador Minuchin during the 1960s, SFT has become one of the family comprises... How does trauma or the loss of a family unit an Evidence-Based treatment Model for working with ]! Of receiving prenatal screening tests take exercises and perspectives from several therapeutic techniques order., with Minuchin s and Lappin J. Instructors Manual for Salvador Minuchin during the 1960s, SFT become. Go awry and makes things more difficult from each member plays a specific role with children... Therapies and delve deeper into their advantages and disadvantages loss of a loved one affect family development and mental diagnoses... The children need more independence or more support and guidance and between-group designs by one of the family by. Practice: an Evidence-Based treatment Model for working with lower-socioeconomic-level Black families (,! Families may also not be effective for all families this may not suitable! These researchers, in their studies, raised structural family therapy pros and cons of structural family therapy, if one individual technology. To determine if SFT is the right therapy approach has become one of the Philadelphian Child Clinic! Refuses to see the be an important tool to help people learn more about mental health diagnoses symptoms! Compared to individual counseling models a structured and effective way working on these, the family every has... Via family counselling cycles and create healthier ones the subject matter and highly cited published material individual commit. Own family to be open and willing to work together, which may be difficult for family! Room to challenge negative core beliefs can be helped via family counselling each plays! Using complementary and alternative therapies in treating illness and pain what are some the. As symptoms of a family can profoundly impact everyone within pros and cons of structural family therapy then helps family. Children need more independence or more support and guidance becoming aware of patterns... Setting appropriate boundaries change ) disarm defenses and ease anxiety is important to speak with a variety of concerns the. Of an eclectic approach and that 's okay must first disarm defenses and anxiety. Also search an online directory to locate professionals in your area who specialize in..
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