This action, of course, raised the specter of the State losing its entire investment through foreclosure should the General Assembly continue to refuse to appropriate additional funding. This early forerunner of inspecting agencies such as the Joint Commission, CMA, and the Maryland Office of Health Care Quality, did a great deal to help assure the quality of care at Spring Grove and other institutions of the day. The reason that the price paid for the property was recorded in British pounds, rather than in U.S.dollars is also not known, but it may have been a function of the fact that in 1798, only 11-years after the U.S. Constitution was ratified, the dollar was not yet a stable currency. Red Brick Cottages (1950s). Pennhurst State School and Hospital, Spring City Pennhurst State School was in operation for around fifty years during the first half of the 20 th century. An advantage of the Maryland Hospital site in Baltimore was that it was located on high grounds (there had recently been a flood in Baltimore that had destroyed many of the lower-lying parts of the city that bordered the Jones Falls). A number of documents refer to it simply as the 'Retreat.' (The lease was later extended.) Address: Spring Grove, 4521 Spring Grove Ave . Additional sums of money were raised by a second lottery, and an additional $60,000 were directly invested by the lessees, although it is not clear if Mackenzie and Smythe invested the money personally or if it came from other private sources. Its wooden floor joists, some of which dated back to 1853, reportedly were rotten and at risk of collapsing; and it's heating, plumbing and electrical systems were dangerously outdated. The State of Maryland pledges to provide constituents, businesses, customers, and stakeholders with friendly and courteous, timely and responsive, accurate and consistent, accessible and convenient, and truthful and transparent services. To view one of the records of an African-American patient of Spring Grove from the hospital's Centennial year, 1897, click on the image to the above right. It is not clear if the above picture of the hospital, as shown on a map of Baltimore in 1801, is the same building that housed Captain Yellott's Retreat (c. 1794) or if it is the c.1798 structure that followed the founding of the hospital in 1797. A variant of the Protestant Work Ethic, the tenets of Moral Management held that seriously ill psychiatric patients will improve when provided structure, dignity, security, a pastoral living environment, social outlets, outdoor work, opportunities for regular outdoor exercise, wholesome food, spiritual guidance, and cleanly, orderly surroundings. The property was sold to Johns Hopkins, after whom the hospital and university have been named, and proceeds of the sale were then applied to the construction costs of the new hospital at Spring Grove. While some counties simply reneged completely on their commitment to pay for those of their indigent citizens who were confined to the Maryland Hospital, other counties only paid a portion of the agreed upon rate of $100 per year, per patient at the time. Foster-Wade Building (1914 and 1926) and the Steuart's buildings were demolished in 1963, replaced by more modern construction. Note: Spring Grove wishes to gratefully acknowledge that much of the above information was provided through the courtesy of the Maryland State Archives. [9], In May 2022, Governor Larry Hogan's administration proposed transferring the hospital campus to the University of Maryland, Baltimore County for $1. However, if these reports are accurate, the first use of the new facility at Spring Grove was as a Civil War (1861-1865) army hospital for wounded and sick servicemen. The Board of Managers was abolished and its authority transferred to the new superintendent appointed by the commissioner of Mental Hygiene. (It should be noted that locked door seclusion was still permitted, and reports from the period indicate that, usually, one or two patients were 'confined' to their rooms at any given time. Also in 1853, one of the just four new 'public' patient admissions in that year was an African-American female. Please enable scripts and reload this page. Moylan Building (originally known as the 'Children's Unit') in 1964. Furthermore, it was not specifically designated to treat psychiatric patients and it was not publicly funded or operated (although it seems that it did accept indigent patients). The Center is also the host site of the Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, a world-renowned research institution that focuses on identifying the causes and cure for schizophrenia. Dr. Richard Sprigg-Steuart, who had been President of the hospital's Board since 1828 was replaced as its President by C.W. Consistent with popular images of psychiatric hospitals at the turn of the 20th-century, baskets were among the products manufactured. known as 'The Center Building' or 'The Administration Building,' was razed in 1963. Pennhurst haunted asylum is Pennsylvania's newest and best destination haunted house! Although chartered and owned by the State, and at least partially supported by State funds from the beginning, the facility was originally overseen primarily by the mayor and city council of Baltimore. For example, by one report the hospital maintained horses and carriages so that patients could go out for rides and other activities. Springfield Hospital Center) was established in Sykesville, Maryland in 1896. The Hospital's annual report of 1861 notes that running water in the bathrooms and water closets (flush toilets) were added to the West Wing of the building, and the hospital was connected to the Baltimore City public water system. As noted above, records indicate that the original building, c.1798, stood at the far western end of the structure - closest to Market Street (Broadway). Smythe and Mackenzie -- on the condition that they complete the addition of the 'Centre Building,' which, it should be noted, was not a separate building, but, instead, a new component of a single larger structure. While the problems cited in the 'Maryland's Shame' articles existed in all of the state hospitals and custodial institutions (such as facilities for the mentally retarded) the problems seems to be particularly severe at Spring Grove -- in part because approximately a third of its patient population was being cared for and treated in the aging Main Building, a structure that in 1949 was nearly 100 years old and considered by all to be a firetrap. Nevertheless, there is implied evidence that the Retreat's building temporarily became the new hospital immediately after the property was purchased for that purpose from Captain Yellott by the City of Baltimore in May of 1798 (see below). To view a copy of the 1817 equivalent of a modern patient discharge summary (signed by Drs. These were the so-called 'back wards.'. This facility dates all the way back to 1911, when it opened as the Hospital for the Negro Insane of Maryland. The first identified reference to African-American patients at the Maryland Hospital is found in the Hospital's Annual Report of 1842, wherein it was noted that there were seven African-American ('colored') patients, three of whom were described as being 'slaves.' For example, records indicate that during the yellow fever epidemic of 1819, 145 yellow fever 'victims' were admitted to the City Hospital of Baltimore (the then contemporary name for Spring Grove), 85 of whom died. The Hillcrest Building (1921), the Annual Report of the Board of Managers, 1877. In 1797, the same year that Baltimore was incorporated as a city, Captain Yellott and his associates petitioned the Maryland General Assembly for assistance in upgrading the Retreat to a larger hospital. The additional property also allowed more land to be tilled. The annual report of 1849 mentions the fact that, as of as of the end of December of that year, there were 10 African-American patients (five males and five females) at the Hospital. The circular lawn seen in front of the Main Building in the above picture exists today as the "island" at the center of the traffic circle near today's Administration Building on Ash Street. Cascara Cordial was a mild laxative. However, there is clear evidence that African-American slaves were admitted as patients. Foster Wade Building). J. Crawford Neilson is perhaps best known as the architect of the South Carolina State capitol building. The balance of the deductions were for rent for the continued occupation of the property by the Maryland Hospital and its patients for several years after the sale. indicate that by that time African-American patients were segregated to certain (less desirable) sections of Pharmacological treatments, as listed in the Spring Grove Formulary of August 8, 1899 included, for example, a recipe for 'Eau de Botot' -- said to have been the first commercial mouthwash and oral antiseptic. It is impossible to provide for this class of insane in State Hospital without associating them with the white patients. Steuart's building (known at various times as "The Main Building", "The Center Building" or "The Administration Building,") remained the main hospital facility for almost 100 years. Additional promenades and landscaping features were added. One of the conditions of the lease was that 'the building be exclusively appropriated as a Hospital for the insane, and diseased persons of every description.' (Combination gas and electric chandeliers may be seen in some pictures from the turn of the 19th Century.) The Maryland Board of Public Works will vote Wednesday on transferring the Spring Grove Hospital Center campus, including 175 acres and 77 buildings, to the neighboring university in Catonsville . According to a 'History of Baltimore, Maryland', published in 1898, the 1794 Retreat was considered to have been 'the first hospital established in Baltimore.' As noted above, an interesting part of the hospital's history is the fact that, despite its designation as a hospital for the care and treatment of 'lunatics,' a primary impetus to the State's decision to fund the facility in 1798 seems to have been a yellow fever epidemic that led to the death of 1,200 people in Baltimore that same year. The nine members of the governor-appointed Board of Managers exercised full control over the institution. The founding of Crownsville State Hospital and the Eastern Shore State Hospital in the early part of the 20th century -- together with major expansions of the bed capacities at Spring Grove and Springfield State Hospitals at around the same time stemmed from what may have been the first major mental health patient advocacy movement in Maryland since the days of Dorothea Dix in the mid-nineteenth century. Spring Grove Hospital Center is located at 55 Wade Avenue, Baltimore, MD. The Saratoga County Homestead sits idly on a hill in the tranquil yet remote hamlet of Barkersville, New York, some fifteen miles outside of Saratoga Springs. Because the land values in the Hospital's now-urban neighborhood were fairly high, it would have been prohibitively expensive to have acquired significant additional amounts of additional land there. david.helsel@maryland.gov. A somewhat ironic, and perhaps stigmatizing, passage from report reads: 'Spring Grove is not, and never has been, and may never be, an Asylum for the Insane. [1], Main Image Gallery: Spring Grove State Hospital, Spring Grove Hospital Center Alumni Museum, https://asylumprojects.org/index.php?title=Spring_Grove_State_Hospital&oldid=39468. However, what had once been the Main Building's powerhouse and gas works, a building that was built at the same time and was originally adjacent to, but not part of, the Main building survives today as what is known as the The superintendent of the hospital in 1878, whereupon a number of reforms were implemented. ), It is perhaps interesting to note that the current 'Spring Grove Hospital' may technically be the third hospital located at the Catonsville site. In addition, the hospital's operating rooms and other non-psychiatric medical services were located in the Foster Wade Building, prior to the erection of the Garrett Building in 1932. Join us for a walk around the Spring Grove Hospital Center campus to see this partially abandoned historic facility where, among other things, the first and longest government-run psychedelic drug research program took place. It was noted, for example, that the Hospital and it's farm used approximately 13,000 gallons of water a day in 1877 -- more, it was pointed out, than was supplied by the city of Lowell, Accordingly, the Johns Hopkins Hospital, often thought of as a very old institution, wasn't actually completed until 1889. When the new board took charge, there were 281 patients in the hospital. At that point the Retreat was either abandoned or restyled as The Public Hospital (of Baltimore). Dare to take a tour of this historic home and hear children's voices, phantom footsteps, and witness objects move on their own. [10] The Maryland Board of Public Works voted 21 to approve the sale of the campus, with Hogan and Treasurer Dereck E. Davis supporting the lease agreement and Comptroller Peter Franchot dissenting, on May 15, 2022.[11][12]. However, upon closer inspection both the basic structure and the interior were found to have been in 'ruinous' condition by the middle 1830's. We do know that the land upon which the Retreat was built was owned by Captain Yellott, himself. Furthermore, the Board was aware that there was a only a limited supply of workers and trades people in the area to do the types of work that needed to be done, and that if they didn't pay these individuals what was already owed to them the Board would be unlikely to get them, or, for that matter, anyone else, to do the additional work that was necessary to finish the building. of Public Works OK's Controversial $1 Lease for State Psychiatric Hospital Grounds", http://www.leaguelineup.com/welcome.asp?url=shep, "Spring Grove State Hospital" by David S. Helsel, M.D. In response to the identified need for more and better treatment for psychiatrically ill African Americans in Maryland, and because of the racist beliefs of the time, a new state hospital, intended exclusively for African-American patients was founded in Crownsville, Maryland in 1910. (The lease was later extended.) Subsequently, the hospital was formally renamed as the Maryland Hospital for the Insane at Spring Grove, and it was placed under a new board of managers appointed by the governor (Acts of 1876). Other ghosts who reside . Federal Hill Beyond the Views: Monumental City Tour, https://baltimoreheritage.org/civicrm/?page=CiviCRM&q=civicrm%2Fevent%2Fregister&reset=1&id=525, Maryland Womens Heritage Center: A Behind The Scenes Tour, The New Lexington Market & Exploring the Neighborhood Around It, Mount Vernon Place: A Monumental City Tour. Timothy Learys got nothing on Baltimore! However, a condition of the will was that only interest from the endowment could be used for the construction and, therefore, the Hospital's trustees had to carefully limit the rate of construction, so as not to spend more than the annual income from the endowment. Johns Hopkins, the wealthy Baltimore merchant and investor after whom both the university and the hospital are named, had been involved for two decades in the oversight of the Maryland Hospital for the Insane as a member of its Board of Visitors and as part of his many philanthropic activities. It will be necessary to retain the gas in the building to prevent being entirely without light in case of some accident to the electric apparatus.'. Spring Grove Hospital Center, formerly known as Spring Grove State Hospital, is a psychiatric hospitallocated in the Baltimore, Maryland, suburb of Catonsville. The oldest general hospital in America is the Pennsylvania Hospital, which was founded in Philadelphia in 1751. Following a largely unfavorable report by the American Psychiatric Association and The Commission inspected public and private institutions for the insane and advised their boards of managers. Drawings and other reports indicate that the replacement structure (1839) almost identically resembled the original structure (1798), at least on the outside. Although today it is difficult for some of us to understand why the historic significance and architectural merit of the Main Building didn't save it from the wrecking ball back in 1963, the fact is that, in 1963, the building was structurally unsound, was justifiably considered to have been a "firetrap," and was felt to have been beyond reasonable repair. Then, in 1918, the U.S. Veterans' Bureau, in recognition of the impending need for a facility in which to treat mentally ill World War I veterans, urged the Maryland Council of Defense to appropriate The university's retiring president . community-based housing and outpatient services. By the end of November 1852 the commission had hired an architect,J.Crawford Neilson (J. Crawford Neilson (1816 - 1900) was a noted Baltimore architect and was one of the founders of the Baltimore chapter of the American Institute of Architects. Beginning in the late 1950s, and continuing in the decades that followed, significant reductions in the patient census became possible through advancements in psychiatric treatment and improved funding of May 11, 2022 / 10:45 PM / CBS Baltimore BALTIMORE (WJZ) -- By a vote of 2-1, the Maryland Board of Public Works on Wednesday approved transferring the campus of Spring Grove Hospital Center,. So called 'General Patients' were housed in the next echelon back, and more disturbed or 'violent' patients tended were placed on the units that were the farthest back from the center section. The Dairy House survived on the campus of Spring Grove until the early 1990s when it burned to the ground in a fire that may have been set by an arsonist. In the early 1890s, the Hospital's medical superintendent, Dr. George Roh, published data that he believed pointed to afavorable effect of total hysterectomies on the psychiatric conditions of a series of female patients at Spring Grove. When established, it was remote from the City, now it is surrounded by buildings on every side, subjecting the patients to the noises and excitements around them; and they, in their turn, disturbing the population by which this building is surrounded. During the Depression, Spring Grove began joint research programs with Johns Hopkins Hospital, the Phipps Clinic, and the University of Maryland Hospital. Although leased to Drs Mackenzie and Smythe, who controlled the day-to-day operations of the hospital, both the City of Baltimore and the State of Maryland maintained at least titular oversight powers during this period -- and both entities continued to provide some of the hospital's funding. extensive 'bad press' in the local media, the legislature revamped the state mental hospital system (Acts of 1949). According to hospital records, during an 11 month period in 1857 some 43 patients were admitted to the Maryland Hospital; 39 patients were discharged from the hospital; and six patients died. In the same tradition, in 1906 a separate building, constructed in back of the Main Building, was opened as a 'Cottage for Colored Women' (see above). (Note: The name 'Spring Grove' does not seem to appear on maps from the period.) Sadly, the "Old Main" was demolished in 1964, and all that's left of the original complex is the Boiler House - the northern section of today's laundry building. The report also indicates that there was significant disagreement over funding for furnishings and operating costs. Of course the hospital's main 'business' was farming. [5], In 2014, Baltimore County plans on subdividing the hospital campus in order to create an 8.8 acre regional park for the Catonsville community. Accordingly, following legal actions initiated by neighbors, the hospital was forced to abandon its original, rather simplistic, sewage disposal system shortly after the Main Building opened. Instead, records suggest that certain patients were admitted and remained primarily because they were poor, homeless, elderly or physically ill. Entrance in 1863. There is also evidence that, at least initially, Hopkins was quite reluctant to do so. Room produced thousands of items such as dresses, petticoats, night gowns, socks and stockings, aprons, chemises and other undergarments, sheets, napkins, table cloths, blankets, shirts, curtains and even shrouds. (This is the name that is used on what evidently was the original plan for the first floor the new hospital building in Catonsville, circa 1853.) She also cited a need to relocate the hospital to a more pastoral setting, outside the City of Baltimore. And although several histories make reference to a committee of men who were designated to select the site for the new hospital, the decision to purchase Captain Yellott's property was almost certainly a fait accompli when the Maryland General Assembly authorized the establishment of the Hospital in 1797. Find directions at US News . Within this context, the original mission of the new hospital, as established by the General Assembly in 1797, was to provide 'for the relief of indigent sick persons, and for the reception and care of lunatics' (Acts of 1797).A very significant public health concern in Maryland in the year 1797 was Yellow Fever. The first three Preston Complex buildings (Hill, Mitchell, and Sullivan) had been built a year or so earlier in anticipation of the demolition of the Main Building, and many of the remaining patients in the Main Building were moved to the Preston Complex (and other buildings on campus) during 1962 and 1963. I was working in the NICU which happened to also be on the fourth floor but on the opposite side. However, early histories of the hospital indicate that all remaining patients were all transferred on October 7th. He also designed the Hilltop Chapel at Green Mount Cemetery, and the Grace and St. Peter's Church (Park Avenue at Monument St.), both in Baltimore. [8] Additional plans include expansion of the University of Maryland, Baltimore County campus south of Wilkens Avenue to the Spring Grove campus, where the university still has the rights to a portion of the property. In 1813 admission to the City Hospital could be ordered or authorized by the chancellor of an entity known as the 'Chancery Court.' Male patients were primarily occupied with farm and workshop chores, while female patients were employed with housekeeping, laundry, sewing, and kitchen tasks such as vegetable preparation. For example, it A temporary solution that was employed at first involved the digging of large cesspools ('earth closets') near to the hospital building. For example, the color red was thought to ease melancholia (depression), and red stained glass was installed in certain windows. In addition, as noted above, major repairs and upgrades became necessary almost immediately after the new building at Spring Grove was occupied. According to an 1870 report entitled, 'The Inebriate Asylum: Report of the Committee on the Temporary Organization of the Asylum,' permission had been granted in the previous year to allow an institution known as 'The Inebriate Asylum at Spring Grove,' a facility for the care and treatment of alcoholics, to temporarily occupy the completed north wing of the new hospital at Spring Grove (Main Building) for a period of two years. This, however, is pure conjecture. was noted that in 1896 an old bowling alley that was, evidently, located in the basement of the Main Building, was converted to serve as a ward for African-American patients. To learn more, visit their website. At the same time, there was a growing awareness throughout the State of the need to provide more and better psychiatric services to Maryland's mentally ill African-American citizens. It is also reasonable to assume that the Retreat building remained in use by the hospital after 1798, at least temporarily, until the new building could be built and fully readied later in 1798 (see below). Physostigmine are used today in medications to reduce intestinal spasm and give tone to relaxed muscular walls of the stomach and bowels. Nevertheless, because the demand for fresh water by the hospital was so great, approximately three-quarters of the streams flow was diverted into the hospital's water system, and the streams remaining flow was inadequate to efficiently carry the sewage on downstream. Up until that time, Maryland had depended heavily upon a system known as 'County Care,' i.e., the basic care and shelter that was provided in 'County Homes' (alms houses) to indigent citizens (including indigent citizens with mental illnesses) by the various counties. For example, it was noted that the water As part of an effort to help Drs. There is evidence that the Centre Building and the East Wing, which had already been under construction (possibly since 1808), were completed later in, or shortly after, 1816. early floor plan of the Maryland Hospital at Spring Grove indicates that the more violent patients were segregated to the back of the building. )By one report from the late 1800s, the rate of physical illness and death was lower among the hospital's African-American population than it was among the white population. Notes: Both Belladonna (also known as Atropine) and By the 1920s it had been converted into a medical facility and later an insane asylum and a retirement home. Enoch Pratt was among the distinguished local citizens who were affiliated with the Maryland Hospital in its early days. Mackenzie and Smythe to construct a major addition to the hospital, in the form of an 'east wing' (see below). It should be noted that later references to the 'original building' (later, a part of the west wing) do not suggest that it was comprised of more than one original section, a circumstance that, in turn, would argue against any assertion that the earlier Retreat building was somehow incorporated into the 'original' 1798 structure. The report indicates that the use of the building had been offered at no cost to the 'Inebriate Asylum' by the State. and that, at the same time, a significant amount of uncollected money was owed to the Hospital. Grove's treatment providers began to regularly use psychoanalytic techniques to treat certain patients. Several documents from the period speak, predictably, to the then predominate belief that the races should be separated -- although there was also evidence that therapeutic activities, such as industrial therapy, were integrated. Although the funds were appropriated by the State, and although ownership of the property rested with the State, the funds were placed in the hands of the Mayor of Baltimore, who, along with Captain Yellott and his associates, had served as member of the committee that selected the site. 4521 Spring Grove Ave., Cincinnati, Ohio, 45232 Sedamsville Rectory The Travel Channel has named the Sedamsville Rectory a haunted destination. (See #17 on the An estimated 30 mentally ill Maryland citizens were hospitalized in other states in 1836, a circumstance that was attributed to the limited capacity and poor condition of the Maryland Hospital. All rights reserved. $25,000 for the building's completion. Here, scientists tested LSD and other chemicals as potential treatments for psychiatric illnesses until national controversy caught up with everybody and the research was shut down in 1976. It's not clear if this obligation referred to a debt that had somehow been acquired by the Confederate States of America for services rendered by the Maryland Hospital during the war or if it referred to a demand, during Reconstruction, for war retributions from the southern states. In the middle 1950's, Spring Grove became one of the first three state hospitals in the United States to become accredited by the Joint Commission for the Accreditation of Hospitals (now the JCAHO). For example, in an 1893 letter to the Governor of Maryland, George H. Roh, M.D., Superintendent of Spring Grove at the time, wrote: 'The question [of] whether a new insane Hospital should be built in another part of the State, under separate management, or whether a colony should be established at some distance from this Hospital and under the management of its Board of Managers is a subject for profitable discussion. The property, itself, has greatly enhanced in value, and can be sold for more than the land and improvements have cost the State, (from is commencement in 1797,) by which means, the treasury may be protected from the future cost of the completion of the new Asylum, now under construction, by Commissioners, who have that work in hand, and from whom we learn, the work may be regarded as one half completed and capable of full completion in one year, if appropriations are sufficiently large, and made at an early date. By Drs primarily because they were poor, homeless, elderly or physically ill capitol! Report of the Building had been offered at no cost to the hospital 's main 'business ' was farming Captain... 'S buildings were demolished in 1963: Spring Grove wishes to gratefully acknowledge that much of the stomach bowels! Ave., Cincinnati, Ohio, 45232 Sedamsville Rectory a haunted destination amount of uncollected money owed! 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