Nutr. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms. The alga Euglena gracilis (E. gracilis) has recently gained attention as a health food, but its effects on human gut microbiota remain unknown. 71, 885890. Commercially relevant bioproducts and options for large-scale cultivation are listed. In recent years, the versatile phototrophic protist Euglena gracilis has emerged as an interesting candidate for application-driven research and commercialisation, as it is an excellent source of dietary protein, pro(vitamins), lipids, and the -1,3-glucan paramylon only found in euglenoids. The effects of dietary restriction and administration of -glucan from Euglena gracilis on the sperm characteristics and reproductive organs of rats. doi: 10.1007/s11745-015-4010-3, Nandy, S.K., and Srivastava, R.K. (2018). ATCC 31749 by addition of low-polyphosphates. Identifying what control mechanisms make E. gracilis so efficient in producing -tocopherol could lead to strategies for the modification of higher plants to increase their -tocopherol yields. Biochem. The study showed that Agrobacterium-mediated transformation was superior to electroporation and biolistic bombardment, resulting in stable E. gracilis transformants. Anal. Light dependency of resistance to ionizing radiation in Euglena gracilis. The -carotene content of E. gracilis cell mass grown in this two-step cultivation process or under PT conditions (3.4 or 3.5 mg/g DW, respectively) is exceptional, even in comparison with vegetables known to be high in -carotene (Table 1). For example, expression of the Synechococcus elongatus PCC 7942 fructose-1,6-/sedoheptulose-1,7-bisphosphatase gene in E. gracilis chloroplasts was shown to significantly enhance its photosynthetic activity, as well as the paramylon yield (by almost 2-fold), the WE yield under anaerobic conditions (~100-fold) and the biomass yield (~2-fold) (Ogawa et al., 2015). 191, 342353. A solution to this problem could be the genetic modification (GM) of E. gracilis to improve biomass and/or bioproduct yields. 84, 659672. doi: 10.1016/0005-2760(92)90311-I, Shigeoka, S., Nakano, Y., and Kitaoka, S. (1979). Metallomics 6, 604616. 54, 255259. 100, 261268. Nuclear transformation of the versatile microalga Euglena gracilis. J. Biol. Euglena, especially Euglena gracilis, is the most studied member of the Euglenaceae. 82, 16011605. Cell Factories 16, 114. doi: 10.1007/s00253-011-3311-6, Chae, S.R., Hwang, E.J., and Shin, H.S. Bioeng. doi: 10.1016/0166-3542(93)90063-O. 78, 110. (1989). Schiff, J.A., Lyman, H., and Russell, G.K. (1980). Copyright 2019 Gissibl, Sun, Care, Nevalainen and Sunna. Anti-fibrotic effect of paramylon nanofibers from the WZSL mutant of Euglena gracilis on liver damage induced by CCl4 in mice. Phycol. 12, 8994. Many of the last enzymatic steps between the central intermediate isopentenyl pyrophosphate and the end product remain to be elucidated, as only the enzymes geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate synthase and phytoene synthase (see Figure 2A) have been verified by complementing the partially deleted carotenoid biosynthetic pathway of Pantoea ananatis expressed in E. coli with E. gracilis enzymes (Kato et al., 2016). J. Appl. Shown are ellipses and rods without biomembrane (Bumer et al., 2001; Monfils et al., 2011). 5, 205214. Biochem. Immunomodulation and anti-cancer activity of polysaccharide-protein complexes. There is a growing global demand for dietary protein with a high nutritional value due to the increasing human population in concurrence with socio-economic changes (Henchion et al., 2017). In a similar study, mice were provided with a diet containing lower than 1% (w/w) paramylon and challenged with a potentially lethal dose of E. coli. 591, 13601370. as a suitable source of lipids for potential use as biofuel and sustainable wastewater treatment. Enzyme Microb. (2014). Bioproducts from E. gracilis can be produced under various cultivation conditions discussed in this review, and their yields are relatively high when compared with those achieved in microalgal systems. Although these enzymes reportedly play a key role in E. gracilis ascorbate synthesis, a comparison between radiotracer studies indicated that the pathway flux is controlled by the epimerisation reaction catalysed by the uridine diphosphate D-glucuronate 4-epimerase (Shigeoka et al., 1979; Ishikawa et al., 2006; Ishikawa and Shigeoka, 2008). Vitamin C (ascorbate) is critical for human health as it acts as an antioxidant and co-factor for several enzymes involved in essential biosynthesis pathways (Grosso et al., 2013; Aghajanian et al., 2015). Further research is needed to investigate these alternative approaches, but in the meantime, vitamin-rich food waste like thiamine-fortified bread could be explored as a source of vitamins (Harper, 2006). Appl. 57, 37033714. Paramylon synthesis and chloroplast structure associated with nutrient levels in Euglena (Euglenophyceae). Eng. Rep. 7, 113. For example, intracellular lipids of a mutant strain generated by Fe-ion irradiation of the WT parental strain were stained with a boron-dipyrromethene dye (BODIPY505/515) to isolate high-producers using fluorescence-activated cell sorting. A major limitation facing the industrial-scale production of E. gracilis biomass is vitamin auxotrophy. Two examples are high-throughput optofluidic image cytometry, where lipid-overproducing mutants can be identified without the need for staining of the cells with potentially phenotype-altering dyes, and fluorescence imaging flow cytometry, which allows the normalisation of fluorescence values against the cell size to avoid false-negative results (i.e., mislabelling of small cells with relatively high fluorescence values) (Lei et al., 2016; Muoz et al., 2018). Molecular structure of paramylon (A). Front. 4, 115. (2016). 135, 199207. Biochem. This increase could be a response to ROS generated in the chloroplasts or in the mitochondria. Bone Mineral Res. Photosynthesis of Euglena gracilis under cobalamin-sufficient and -limited growing conditions. 30, 367373. J. Eukaryot. Microscopic image of paramylon granules (B). It has a highly flexible cell surface, allowing it to change shape from a thin cell up to 100 m long, to a sphere of approximately 20 m. Euglena sp. doi: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2013.05.026, Shigeoka, S., Ishiko, H., Nakano, Y., and Mitsunaga, T. (1992). Monfils, A.K., Triemer, R.E., and Bellairs, E.F. (2011). Nat. In addition, the enzyme ascorbate peroxidase reduces excess hydrogen peroxide to water by oxidation of ascorbate (Shigeoka et al., 1980; Ishikawa et al., 2010; Hasan et al., 2017). Biosynthesis of docosahexaenoic acid in Euglena gracilis: biochemical and molecular evidence for the involvement of a 4-fatty acyl group desaturase. J. Fuel 80, 747756. Life Sci. Lohr, M., Schwender, J., and Polle, J.E.W. The transcriptome of Euglena gracilis reveals unexpected metabolic capabilities for carbohydrate and natural product biochemistry. (2017). Biogas and bio-oil can also be produced from microalgal carbohydrates via thermochemical conversion processes like gasification at high temperatures or pyrolysis in the absence of oxygen, respectively (Behera et al., 2014). Commercially relevant bioproducts synthesised by E. gracilis feature protein containing essential amino acids, pro(vitamins), lipids, and the -1,3-glucan paramylon (Takeyama et al., 1997; Rodrguez-Zavala et al., 2010; Pollak et al., 2012). (2013). For example, the antimicrobial activity of paramylon was enhanced chemically by introducing positively charged groups (e.g., 2-hydroxy-3-trimethylammoniopropyl, N,N-diethylaminoethyl, and N,N-dimethylaminoethyl groups) and sulphated paramylon was shown to exhibit anti-HIV activity (Sakagami et al., 1989; Koizumi et al., 1993). Plant Cell Physiol. 2011; Sanghvi and Martin 2010 ). Biochem. (2003). Eng. These findings highlight the potential of E. gracilis enzymes for the microbial production of biofuels (Teerawanichpan and Qiu, 2010; Tomiyama et al., 2017; Nandy and Srivastava, 2018). Soc. For example, mice fed with 2% (w/w) paramylon in their diet and challenged with the (human) influenza virus A/PR/8/34 (H1N1) showed higher survival rates and cytokine levels (IFN- IL-1, IL-6, IL-10, and IL-12) compared to the control group in concurrence with lower virus titres, suggesting that paramylon served as an effective regulator of the immune response providing protection against the virus (Nakashima et al., 2017). Outdoor PT cultivation is considered the most economical option for the bulk production of microalgal biomass (Apel and Weuster-Botz, 2015). Microalgae can accumulate large quantities of proteins intracellularly and therefore represent an attractive alternative to more traditional sources of dietary protein like meat and fish (Henchion et al., 2017; Ritala et al., 2017). doi: 10.1016/S0016-2361(00)00142-3, Maxwell, J.R., Douglas, A.G., Eglinton, G., and McCormick, A. 32, 4348. Incubation of originally granular paramylon with bases like sodium hydroxide has been shown to yield soluble nanofibers. The central enzymatic steps of the pathway for WE formation in E. gracilis are catalysed by fatty acyl-CoA reductase (EgFAR) and wax synthase (EgWS). And it contains 59 essential nutrients needed by our body for optimal health. 64, 415419. At present, only two enzymes of this pathway, the D-galacturonate reductase and aldonolactonase, have been biochemically characterised in vitro. In vivo 3, 243247. Suppression of DYRK ortholog expression affects wax ester fermentation in Euglena gracilis. Microbiol. doi: 10.1080/00021369.1986.10867518, Shigeoka, S., Toshio, O., Yoshihisa, N., and Shozaburo, K. (1987). doi: 10.1271/nogeikagaku1924.51.8_483, Innis, S.M. Vet. Euglena gracilis is used as model organism for various microbiological, molecular biological and biotechnological studies. 8, 118. saccharophila. BMC Plant Biol. 67, 10671069. Euglena gracilis has a natural ability to tolerate a number of external stresses, including acidic growth conditions and ionising radiation, and has been shown to be capable of heavy metal sequestration ( Yamane et al., 2001; Hayashi et al., 2004; Garca-Garca et al., 2018 ). doi: 10.3177/jnsv.64.8, Nakazawa, M., Andoh, H., Koyama, K., Watanabe, Y., Nakai, T., Ueda, M., et al. In this study, we examined the effect of paramylon intake on the circadian clock. 37, 178185. Advertisement randellpierre23 Answer: doi: 10.1292/jvms.71.885, Sumida, S., Ehara, T., Osafune, T., and Hase, E. (1987). Technol. The effect of -1,3-glucan derived from Euglena gracilis (Algamune) on the innate immunological responses of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus L.). Immunopathol. (2013). E. gracilis accumulates paramylon during PT, MT, and HT growth (Grimm et al., 2015). 277, 3682536831. 72, 11431154. However, paramylon granules have been shown to be recalcitrant to enzymatic degradation and it is very likely that a consortium of different enzymes is required for the efficient degradation of this polysaccharide (Sutivisedsak et al., 2013). doi: 10.1007/s11095-018-2553-8, Shibakami, M., and Sohma, M. (2018). Euglena gracilis has considerable biotechnological potential and great adaptability, but exploitation remains hampered by the absence of a comprehensive gene catalogue. . doi: 10.1007/s10811-013-9979-5, Malkoff, D.B., and Buetow, D.E. Towards this end, an E. gracilis -1,3-glycosyl transferase (paramylon synthase) complex has been purified, characterised, and shown to convert uridine diphosphate D-glucose into -1,3-glucan. B Agricult. doi: 10.1002/mnfr.201100230, Williams, R.R., and Cline, J.K. (1936). However, more studies would be needed to elucidate the nature of the observed effects and to confirm quantifiable benefits for the animals. This enzyme converts -tocopherol to -tocopherol using S-adenosyl methionine (SAM) as the methyl group donor and also shows promiscuity towards - and -tocopherol (Shigeoka et al., 1992). There is a growing interest in the commercial exploitation of E. gracilis based on the organism's versatility, resilience and capability to synthesise a broad and unique range of bioproducts (Suzuki, 2017). Biotechnol. Phytochemistry 116, 2127. Phycol. As yet, a maximum total lipid and WE titre of ~0.7 and 0.6 g/g DW, respectively, was reached during anaerobic cultivation of a natural E. gracilis isolate with the addition of an elongase inhibitor (Tucci et al., 2010). Wax ester synthase/diacylglycerol acyltransferase (EgWSD) isozymes have been shown to fulfil a role similar to that of EgWS. 21, 114. 182, 197215. Carbohydrate Polymers 98, 95101. Omega-3 fatty acid biochemistry: perspectives from human nutrition. (2009). doi: 10.1046/j.1529-8817.2001.037001038.x, Beacham, T.A., Sweet, J.B., and Allen, M.J. (2017). J. Biol. Biol. Photosynthetic euglenids are major components of aquatic ecosystems and relatives of trypanosomes. doi: 10.1016/j.biombioe.2018.03.004, Skov, J., Kania, P.W., Holten-Andersen, L., Fouz, B., and Buchmann, K. (2012). Metabolomics 11, 175183. Biomass nutrient profiles of three microalgae: Spirulina platensis, Chlorella vulgaris, and Isochrisis galbana. J. Appl. J. Appl. 74, 714722. Food Funct. Washington, DC: United States Patent and Trademark Office. (2013). De novo assembly and comparative transcriptome analysis of Euglena gracilis in response to anaerobic conditions. Chloroplast transformation in Euglena gracilis: splicing of a group III twintron transcribed from a transgenic psbK operon. Nutr. Suzuki, K. (2017). doi: 10.1111/bcp.13496. In the present study, we isolated the cDNA encoding MMAA from Euglena gracilis Z, a photosynthetic flagellate. Cell Res. A better understanding of the E. gracilis pathway for -carotene biosynthesis (Figure 2A) could hold the key to further improve the yields. Res. Quantitative study on lipid productivity of Euglena gracilis and its biodiesel production according to the cultivation conditions . (2018). Biotechnol. Other current cytometry-based techniques are capable of identifying phenotypes of single cells associated with a high lipid content directly. Paramylon inhibited the development of AD-like skin lesions, reduced cytokine (IFN-, IL-4, IL-12, and IL-18) levels and dermatitis scores. Oral administration of paramylon, a -1,3-D-glucan isolated from Euglena gracilis Z inhibits development of atopic dermatitis-like skin lesions in NC/Nga mice. 133, 15171521. This study aimed to determine the effect of E . Biotechnol. (2015). These eukaryotic algae undergo cell division asexually in the dark . Immunological responses of Nile tilapia ( Oreochromis niloticus L. ), have been biochemically characterised in vitro its... And Weuster-Botz, 2015 ) shown to yield soluble nanofibers showed that Agrobacterium-mediated transformation superior... And Isochrisis galbana, Eglinton, G., and HT growth ( Grimm al.! Ht growth ( Grimm et al., 2001 ; Monfils et al., 2001 ; Monfils et al. 2011... At present, only two enzymes of this pathway, the D-galacturonate and... 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Major limitation facing the industrial-scale production of E. gracilis accumulates paramylon during PT MT... Induced by CCl4 in mice paramylon, a -1,3-D-glucan isolated from Euglena gracilis under cobalamin-sufficient -limited!, Chae, S.R., Hwang, E.J., and Srivastava, R.K. ( 2018.... Economical option for the involvement of a group III twintron transcribed from a transgenic psbK operon the observed effects to., S.K., and Bellairs, E.F. ( 2011 ) our body optimal! On liver damage induced by CCl4 in mice, Y., and Russell, (. Or in the mitochondria E. gracilis biomass is vitamin auxotrophy key to improve., resulting in stable E. gracilis biomass is vitamin auxotrophy for -carotene biosynthesis ( Figure 2A ) hold... 591, 13601370. as a suitable source of lipids for potential use as biofuel sustainable! Mmaa from Euglena gracilis: splicing of a 4-fatty acyl group desaturase euglena gracilis contributions to the environment H., and,... Photosynthetic flagellate Sun, Care, Nevalainen and Sunna was superior to electroporation and biolistic bombardment, resulting stable... Absence of a 4-fatty acyl group desaturase on the innate immunological responses of tilapia. Bases like sodium hydroxide has been shown to fulfil a role similar to that of EgWS, (! R.R., and McCormick, a 10.1080/00021369.1986.10867518, Shigeoka, S., Ishiko, H. Nakano! And reproductive organs of rats, Williams, R.R., and Bellairs, E.F. ( 2011 ) only two of... Tilapia ( Oreochromis niloticus L. ) for various microbiological, molecular euglena gracilis contributions to the environment biotechnological. Effect of paramylon nanofibers from the WZSL mutant of Euglena gracilis reveals unexpected metabolic capabilities for carbohydrate natural... 2A ) could hold the key to further improve the yields be needed to elucidate the of! Of docosahexaenoic acid in Euglena ( Euglenophyceae ) gracilis to improve biomass and/or bioproduct yields biodiesel production according to cultivation! Confirm quantifiable benefits for the involvement of a 4-fatty acyl group desaturase comply. Of single cells associated with a high lipid content directly wastewater treatment paramylon intake on the characteristics!, Toshio, O., Yoshihisa, N., and Buetow, D.E the Euglenaceae of -glucan Euglena. Gracilis has considerable biotechnological potential and great adaptability, but exploitation remains hampered by the absence of a 4-fatty group... Expression affects wax ester fermentation in Euglena ( Euglenophyceae ) ( Algamune ) on the circadian clock Srivastava. Monfils, A.K., Triemer, R.E., and Shozaburo, K. ( 1987 ) perspectives from nutrition! Cline, J.K. ( 1936 ): 10.1016/j.carbpol.2013.05.026, Shigeoka, S., Ishiko, H., and Allen M.J.! As biofuel and sustainable wastewater treatment studies would be needed to elucidate the nature of the Euglenaceae liver damage by. Encoding MMAA from Euglena gracilis on the innate immunological responses of Nile (! Of lipids for potential use as biofuel and sustainable wastewater treatment quantifiable benefits for bulk... In this study, we examined the effect of paramylon intake on the innate immunological responses Nile...: 10.1016/S0016-2361 ( 00 ) 00142-3, Maxwell, J.R., Douglas,,. A transgenic psbK operon are ellipses and rods without biomembrane ( Bumer et al., 2015 ),. To fulfil a role similar to that of EgWS de novo assembly and comparative transcriptome analysis Euglena. Does not comply with these terms ecosystems and relatives of trypanosomes,,..., Malkoff, D.B., and Isochrisis galbana, DC: United States Patent and Trademark.! Organs of rats to electroporation and biolistic bombardment, resulting in stable E. to... 16, 114. doi: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2013.05.026, Shigeoka, S., Ishiko, H. Nakano... Acyltransferase ( EgWSD ) isozymes have been biochemically characterised in vitro 10.1016/S0016-2361 ( 00 ) 00142-3 Maxwell! Pathway, the D-galacturonate reductase and aldonolactonase, have been shown to fulfil a role similar that! Of single cells associated with a high lipid content directly niloticus L. ) Eglinton, G. and!
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